Create a Complete Skincare Line with Olive Oil: Save Money & Glow!

I write so you share. Thank you.

Here’s a story I’ve heard many times: you’ve spent a small fortune on your latest moisturiser, and, yes, you’ve finally came to the realisation that it might all be marketing fluff.

Bad news… More often than not, it is.

Hm. The promises of glowing skin? A dream. Your skin either feels dry or just the same (what was all that money for, really?), your wallet lighter, and you’re left wondering if there’s a better way.

What if there is? As a certified skincare formulator I can assure you THERE IS.

Enter olive oil… Olive oil has been a skincare wonder for centuries, thanks to its hydrating, nourishing, and rejuvenating properties (more on the science below).

“Olive oil provides several anti-aging benefits. It protects the skin from external agents by forming a protective barrier that shields the skin, preventing photoaging. It also has excellent moisturizing action, retaining water within the subcutaneous tissues, which keeps the skin hydrated and supple, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.” 

Lucrezia Del Papa, Olivella Co-Founder

I’ve been using olive oil on my skin for a long time. In fact, many people I know also do and they love it.

That’s why I thought you would like what I prepared for you below: EASY hacks with olive oil you can prepare at home. All you need is the oil, time and the love to put it all together.

I have created, in fact, a whole a WHOLE SKINCARE LINE with olive oil below that is a dream for any DIY skincare enthusiast!

With olive oil as your star ingredient (there are other oils but this one is a good starter!), you can whip up cleansers, masks, scrubs, and even hair treatments – all natural, affordable, and incredibly effective. Trust me, I’ve seen these natural ingredients WORK WONDERS for my clients.

Bookmark this page and send the link to a friend pls 🙂 ✨

Disclaimer: I’m a proud affiliate to some of the links below (meaning if you make a purchase using my links I might earn a commission at NO extra cost to you!)

First, The Magic Behind Olive Oil: Why Is It So Great for Your Skin??

Olive oil’s REAL POWER lies in its unique properties. I’ve linked to scientific journals to back up EACH AND EVERY CLAIM:

1. Great for Mature Skin! (Anti-Ageing Benefits):
   Rich in hydroxytyrosol and squalene (scientific journal), olive oil helps to combat fine lines and wrinkles by promoting collagen production and improving skin elasticity. Regular use can preserve a firm, youthful appearance.
2. Really Rich in Vitamins
   • Packed with Vitamins A, D, E, and K, (scientific journal) olive oil works wonders for your skin.
   • These vitamins help repair damaged skin, promote cell renewal, and shield against environmental stressors.
3. Brimming with Antioxidants
   • Olive oil is brimming with polyphenols (scientific journal) which help combat free radicals (the molecules responsible for ageing and dull skin).
   • Regular use can help give you a brighter, more youthful complexion.
4. Incredibly Moisturising
   • Unlike many synthetic creams, olive oil penetrates deeply, providing lasting hydration, fantastic news for those with dry skin.
5. Supports Your Needed Skin Barrier
   • It’s a natural emollient (scientific journal), helping to give strength to your skin barrier and lock in moisture, again, making it ideal for dry and sensitive skin.
6. It Also Has Anti-Inflammatory Properties
   • Got redness or irritation? Olive oil’s calming properties can help soothe inflamed skin and support healing (scientific journal).

As you can see, not only olive oil is a powerful ingredient for your skin but also incredibly versatile.

So, whether you’re dealing with dryness, dullness, or just want a glow-up, olive oil can help you (it’s natural, cruelty-free, and eco-friendly. SO IMPORTANT!!).

Olive Oil vs Expensive Skincare

Here’s a table to help you understand how olive oil stands against expensive skincare:

When Olive Oil Wins 🌟	Expensive Creams…
Great for simple hydration and antioxidant protection	Tackles advanced skin concerns but often includes synthetic ingredients
Works as a natural cleanser or in DIY skincare	Contains active ingredients, but at the risk of over-complicating routines
Perfect for minimalistic, chemical-free routines (although I’ve got you covered below with many interesting and effective solutions!	Offers better texture and absorption, but is it worth the cost to your skin?

As you can see, olive oil keeps it simple—no mystery ingredients, just pure hydration and protection.

GET MY RECOMMENDED ORGANIC COLD-PRESSED OLIVE OIL FOR SKIN HERE!

Who is Olive Oil For?

Olive oil is suitable for MOST SKIN TYPES, but it’s ESPECIALLY BENEFICIAL for:

• Dry skin: Its rich, emollient properties help lock in moisture and soothe dryness.
• Mature skin: High in antioxidants, like vitamin E, it supports skin elasticity and combats free radical damage.
• Sensitive skin: Its gentle nature makes it a good option for soothing irritation.

However, if you have acne-prone or oily skin, olive oil may be too heavy and could clog pores, so patch test first or consider lighter alternatives like jojoba oil.

Always use extra virgin olive oil for skincare to avoid additives and maximise benefits.

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Ok, let’s get started making this routine. Each and every recipe is EASY, fun to make, and packed with natural ingredients your skin will love.

1. Daily Cleanser (with a Twist)

Cleansing is the cornerstone of any skincare routine. But many commercial cleansers STRIP your skin of its natural oils, leaving it dry and irritated. Olive oil, on the other hand, is a gentle, nourishing alternative your skin will TOTALLY LOVE.

Why Olive Oil Works as a Cleanser

• Oil Dissolves Oil: Olive oil binds to excess sebum, dirt, and impurities, gently lifting them off your skin.
• Hydrates While Cleansing: Unlike harsh cleansers, it removes grime while keeping your skin soft and moisturised.

DIY Olive Oil Face Cleanser Recipe

1. Mix:
   • 2 tablespoons of extra virgin olive oil
   • 1 tablespoon of pure castile soap
   • 2-4 drops of your favourite essential oil (e.g., lavender for calming, tea tree for blemishes).
2. Shake well and store in a pump bottle.
3. To use: Massage a small amount onto your face, then rinse thoroughly with warm water or gently remove with a cotton pad. Finish by patting your skin dry.

Pro Tip: If you wear makeup, olive oil doubles as a natural makeup remover. Simply massage it onto your skin, focusing on stubborn areas like mascara, and wipe away with a warm, damp cloth. Take care around your eyes, as the oil can easily seep in due to its liquid nature. While it’s not harmful, it may cause temporary blurriness or discomfort. To avoid this, use a minimal amount near your eyes and gently wipe away excess oil with a damp cloth, keeping your eyes closed.

GET MY RECOMMENDED ORGANIC COLD-PRESSED OLIVE OIL FOR SKIN HERE!

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2. Get Ready to Exfoliate the Natural Way

Who says glowing skin needs a trip to the spa? With olive oil and a few pantry staples, you can create a gentle exfoliator that buffs away dead skin cells and reveals a fresh, radiant complexion.

Why Exfoliation is Essential

• Removes dead skin cells that can make your skin look dull.
• Boosts circulation, giving you a natural glow.
• Prepares your skin to absorb moisturisers and serums more effectively.

Related Reading: DIY sugar scrub benefits.

DIY Olive Oil Exfoliator Recipe (just use on your body, exfoliating your face should be done with oats or a little almond flour as they’re softer).

1. Mix:
   • 2 tablespoons of extra virgin olive oil
   • 1 tablespoon of fine sugar or sea salt for tougher areas like elbows and knees.
2. Optional: Add 2-4 of essential oils like orange for brightening or mint for a refreshing feel. They’ll also add a GLORIOUS scent to your mix.
3. To use:
   • Massage the mixture onto damp skin in circular motions for 1-2 minutes.
   • Rinse off with warm water and pat dry.

GET MY RECOMMENDED ORGANIC COLD-PRESSED OLIVE OIL FOR SKIN HERE!

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3. Here’s a Nourishing Face Mask for Glowing Skin

If your skin in need of a little TLC treat it to a luxurious olive oil face mask that hydrates, brightens, and rejuvenates.

With olive oil and agave syrup as ingredients you can create a spa-worthy treatment in literally no time.

Why This Mask Works

• Olive Oil: Packed with antioxidants and vitamins, it deeply moisturises and soothes the skin.
• Agave Syrup: A natural ingredient, agave draws moisture into the skin while providing other benefits.

DIY Olive Oil & Agave Syrup Face Mask Recipe

1. Mix equal parts:
   • 1 tablespoon of extra virgin olive oil
   • 1 tablespoon of agave syrup.
2. Optional: Add a teaspoon of lemon juice (for brightening, to use only in the evening as it is photosensitive) or a pinch of turmeric (for anti-inflammatory benefits). Just a pinch! Turmeric can easily stain both your skin and clothes.
3. Apply:
   • Spread the mixture evenly over your face, avoiding the eye area.
   • Leave on for 10-15 minutes.
4. Rinse:
   • Use warm water to gently remove the mask. Pat dry with a soft towel.

(For an extra cooling effect, pop the mixture in the fridge for a few minutes before applying. This is particularly good for soothing redness or irritation).

GET MY RECOMMENDED ORGANIC COLD-PRESSED OLIVE OIL FOR SKIN HERE!

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4. Make this Hydrating Night Cream (Perfect for Bedtime)

With olive oil you can wake up to soft, glowing skin. Yup. It can double as a deeply hydrating night cream that nourishes your skin while you sleep… (such a simple yet effective way to let nature do the work overnight).

Why Olive Oil Works at Night

• Intensive Hydration: Olive oil locks in moisture, ensuring your skin stays hydrated all night.
• Rich in Antioxidants: Repairs and rejuvenates your skin while you rest.
• Relaxing Properties: When paired with calming essential oils, it turns your nighttime routine into a mini spa experience.

DIY Olive Oil Night Cream Recipe

1. Blend:
   • 2 tablespoons of extra virgin olive oil
   • 2-3 drops of lavender essential oil (for relaxation) or chamomile essential oil (to soothe sensitive skin).
2. Apply:
   • Gently massage a small amount onto your face and neck after cleansing. Focus on dry areas or fine lines. When I say a small amount, it could be only a few drops for some, or as much as a coin-sized amount for others, depending on your skin’s needs. Start small and add more as needed to ensure your skin feels nourished but not overly oily.
   • Let the oil absorb for a few minutes before resting your head on your pillow.

✨ Result? Skin that’s soft, supple, and radiant by morning.

(If you’re worried about feeling “greasy”, use a damp cloth to lightly blot any excess oil after applying. This leaves just enough to work its magic without feeling heavy).

GET MY RECOMMENDED ORGANIC COLD-PRESSED OLIVE OIL FOR SKIN HERE!

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5. Learn to Use Olive Oil as a Powerful Eye Serum

If you have tired eyes, olive oil helps reduce puffiness, softens fine lines, and brightens the delicate skin around your eyes.

Why Olive Oil is Perfect for Your Eyes

• Hydrating: The nourishing fatty acids in olive oil lock in moisture, keeping the delicate under-eye area supple.
• Rich in Antioxidants: Fights free radicals that contribute to fine lines and wrinkles.
• Anti-Inflammatory: Helps reduce puffiness and soothe tired eyes.

DIY Olive Oil Eye Serum Recipe

1. Apply:
   • Use your ring finger (it applies the least pressure) to dab a drop of extra virgin olive oil under each eye.
   • Gently tap – don’t rub – to help the oil absorb without tugging on the skin.
2. Optional Additions:
   • Add 1 drop of Vitamin E oil for an extra antioxidant boost.
   • Mix in 1 drop of rosehip oil for additional skin regeneration benefits.

Tip: Apply at night as part of your bedtime routine. A little goes a long way, so don’t overdo it – too much oil can feel heavy on such delicate skin. Be cautious to avoid getting the oil into your eyes, as it can cause temporary blurriness or discomfort—apply only to the skin around the eyes.

GET MY RECOMMENDED ORGANIC COLD-PRESSED OLIVE OIL FOR SKIN HERE!

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6. Here’s a Silky Lip Balm That’s All-Natural

Say goodbye to dry, chapped lips and discomfort with a silky, nourishing olive oil lip balm. 

Why Olive Oil is a Lip Care Wonder Ingredient

• Deep Moisturisation: Olive oil hydrates and protects the delicate skin on your lips.
• Rich in Nutrients: Vitamins A and E promote healing and keep lips looking healthy.
• Natural Barrier: Creates a protective layer to lock in moisture and shield against the elements.

DIY Olive Oil Lip Balm Recipe

1. Melt (use the double boiler method, also known as Bain Marie method):
   • 1 tablespoon of olive oil
   • 1 teaspoon of candelilla wax (for a plant-based option as I’m vegan and have moved to these types of waxes)
   • 1.5 teaspoons of shea butter (optional for extra softness)
2. Mix:
   • Once melted, remove from heat and stir well.
   • Add 2-3 drops of peppermint essential oil for a refreshing tingle or 1/4 teaspoon vanilla extract for a sweet scent.
3. Pour:
   • Transfer the mixture into small tins or lip balm tubes (I prefer the tins, less messy). Let it cool and solidify.

✨ Result? A silky balm that leaves your lips hydrated, smooth, and ready to take on the day!

Pro Tip: For added colour, mix in a pinch of beetroot powder before pouring!

GET MY RECOMMENDED ORGANIC COLD-PRESSED OLIVE OIL FOR SKIN HERE!

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7. Your New Luscious Body Lotion for Velvety Skin!

Treat your skin to a luxurious, all-natural olive oil body lotion that deeply moisturises and leaves you feeling silky smooth. This easy-to-make recipe is perfect for tackling dryness and keeping your skin glowing without having to use expensive creams with ingredients you’re not sure of.

Why Olive Oil is Perfect for Body Care

• Intense Hydration: Locks in moisture, making it ideal for dry or flaky skin.
• Nourishing Nutrients: Vitamins A, D, and E support skin health and elasticity.
• Non-Greasy Finish: Absorbs beautifully into the skin, leaving it soft, not sticky.

DIY Olive Oil Body Lotion Recipe

1. Melt:
   • 1/4 cup of shea butter
   • 2 tablespoons of olive oil
   • 1 tablespoon of coconut oil (optional for extra hydration).
2. Blend:
   • Once melted, remove from heat and whip with a hand mixer or whisk until light and fluffy.
   • Add 3-5 drops of your favourite essential oil (e.g., lavender for calming, or geranium for a floral touch).
3. Store:
   • Transfer to a clean jar or container with a lid. Keep in a cool, dry place.

How to Use:

• Massage a small amount onto your body after a shower or bath, focusing on dry areas like elbows, knees, and heels.

(For a cooling summer lotion, store it in the fridge. The chilled cream feels amazing on sun-kissed skin).

GET MY RECOMMENDED ORGANIC COLD-PRESSED OLIVE OIL FOR SKIN HERE!

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8. Revitalising Hair Treatment for Lush Locks

Your hair deserves some love too. Olive oil is a fantastic natural conditioner that nourishes and strengthens your strands from root to tip. Whether you’re battling dryness, frizz, or dullness, this DIY treatment can help.

Why Olive Oil Works for Hair

• Deep Conditioning: Olive oil penetrates the hair shaft, repairing and moisturising from within.
• Strengthens Hair: Its rich nutrient profile helps prevent breakage and split ends.
• Tames Frizz: Smooths the hair cuticle for a sleek, polished look.

DIY Olive Oil Hair Treatment Recipe

1. Warm:
   • Heat 2-3 tablespoons of extra virgin olive oil over a double boiler. Make sure it’s warm, NOT HOT.
2. Apply:
   • Massage the oil into your scalp and work it through the lengths of your hair, focusing on the ends.
3. Wrap:
   • Cover your hair with a shower cap or wrap it in a warm towel. Leave on for 30 minutes.
4. Rinse:
   • Wash your hair thoroughly with a gentle shampoo to remove the oil.

For extra nourishment, mix olive oil with a tablespoon of coconut oil or a few drops of argan oil before applying.

GET MY RECOMMENDED ORGANIC COLD-PRESSED OLIVE OIL FOR SKIN HERE!

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Olive Oil in Beauty Drinks: Boost Inside Out

Glowing skin and shiny hair don’t just come from what you apply – they also depend on what you consume! Olive oil isn’t just a wonderful natural skincare ingredient; it’s also a beauty-boosting ingredient when added to your diet.

Why Olive Oil Works Internally

• Rich in Healthy Fats: Packed with monounsaturated fats, olive oil supports skin elasticity and hydration from within.
• Loaded with Antioxidants: Helps fight free radicals, keeping your skin youthful and radiant.
• Anti-Inflammatory Properties: Reduces redness, puffiness, and inflammation throughout your body.

How to Incorporate Olive Oil into Your Diet

1. Smoothie Booster: Add 1 tablespoon of extra virgin olive oil to your morning smoothie for a creamy texture and a dose of healthy fats.
2. Drizzle: Use olive oil as a topping for salads, roasted veggies, or soups to enjoy its benefits with your meals. I can’t imagine a salad without a drizzle of olive oil—it’s an absolute must for me!
3. Morning Elixir: Start your day with a teaspoon of olive oil mixed with a dash of lemon juice to kickstart digestion and give your skin an early glow.

Choose high-quality, cold-pressed olive oil for the best results. Look for oils with a fruity aroma and a slight peppery aftertaste (quite bitter, even) – a sign of fresh, antioxidant-rich oil. Here’s my recommendation.

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Her’s Your Olive Oil Cheat Sheet

Not all olive oils are created equal, and understanding the jargon can help you choose the best quality for your skincare routine.

Here’s a quick glossary to guide you:

1. Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO)

• The highest quality olive oil, cold-pressed without chemicals or heat.
• Retains maximum nutrients, making it ideal for skincare.

2. Cold-Pressed

• Extracted through mechanical means at low temperatures, preserving the oil’s natural vitamins and antioxidants.

3. Virgin Olive Oil

• Slightly lower quality than extra virgin but still minimally processed.

4. Refined Olive Oil

• Processed to remove impurities, often losing some nutrients and flavour. Best avoided for skincare.

5. Polyphenols

• Natural antioxidants found in olive oil that fight free radicals, reducing skin damage and signs of ageing.

6. Oleic Acid

• A fatty acid that deeply moisturises and strengthens the skin barrier, keeping it hydrated and soft.

7. Unfiltered Olive Oil

• Contains tiny olive particles, giving it a cloudy appearance. Some believe it retains more nutrients, but it may spoil faster.

Pro Tip: Look for labels that specify “extra virgin” and “cold-pressed.” Also, check for a harvest date to ensure freshness.

GET MY RECOMMENDED ORGANIC COLD-PRESSED OLIVE OIL FOR SKIN HERE!

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Some Common Myths… Busted!

Olive oil has been a beauty staple for centuries, but myths about its use still linger. Here’s what’s fact and what’s fiction:

Myth 1: Olive Oil is Too Greasy for Your Face

• Busted: When used correctly, olive oil absorbs beautifully into the skin, leaving it hydrated, not greasy. The key is to use a small amount – a few drops are all you need, trust me.

Myth 2: Olive Oil Will Clog Your Pores

• Busted: While olive oil low to medium comedogenic rating (around 2 on a scale of 0-5), those with acne-prone skin should test it first. It works well for most skin types but can be heavy for oily or congested skin if overused.

Myth 3: Olive Oil is Just for Dry Skin

• Busted: Olive oil’s nourishing properties benefit all skin types. It can balance combination skin and even help soothe irritation in sensitive skin.

Myth 4: Cooking Olive Oil is the Same as Skincare Olive Oil

• Busted: Not all olive oils are created equal. For skincare, always choose extra virgin, cold-pressed varieties for the purest, nutrient-rich benefits. Now, having said that, if the olive oil you buy at the grocery store is extra virgin and cold-pressed (and organic if possible), just use that one on your skin!

Myth 5: Olive Oil Should Only Be Used Alone

• Busted: Olive oil works wonderfully as a standalone ingredient but shines even brighter when combined with other natural skincare ingredients like sugar or essential oils.

Always do a patch test when trying olive oil for the first time. Everyone’s skin reacts differently, and it’s always better to be safe!

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Nothing Beats Natural Ingredients

Ok, that’s it, now you’ve discovered the magic of olive oil – a simple, natural, and cost-effective way to transform your skincare routine.

From cleansers to hair treatments, olive oil is your one-stop solution for beauty that doesn’t break the bank. I love it and will keep using it probably for the rest of my life. All oils in my arsenal are carefully chosen, and olive oil remains one of my go-to for its simplicity, versatility, and effectiveness.

Your Next Steps

1. Experiment: Try one DIY recipe at a time to see how your skin reacts and find what works best for you.
2. Simplify: Swap out one or two commercial products for olive oil-based alternatives and enjoy a more minimalist, sustainable routine.
3. Share the Love: Create gifts for friends and family to spread the benefits of olive oil far and wide.

GET MY RECOMMENDED ORGANIC COLD-PRESSED OLIVE OIL FOR SKIN HERE!

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FAQs: Your Olive Oil Skincare Questions Answered

Q: Can I use olive oil if I have oily or acne-prone skin?
A: Yes, but with caution! If you’re prone to breakouts, test it on a small area first. Alternatively, try mixing olive oil with lighter oils like jojobaor grapeseed to balance its richness.

Q: How often should I use olive oil on my skin?
A: It depends on the product:

• Cleanser: Daily or as needed.
• Face Masks: 1–2 times a week.
• Moisturiser or Night Cream: 2–3 times a week or daily if your skin feels dry.
• Exfoliator: Once a week for sensitive skin, twice for tougher areas.

Q: Can I use olive oil around my eyes?
A: Absolutely! Olive oil is gentle enough for the delicate under-eye area. Use a tiny drop as an eye serum to reduce puffiness and soften fine lines. Always avoid getting it directly into your eyes.

Q: Does olive oil help with wrinkles?
A: Yes! Olive oil is rich in antioxidants like Vitamin E and polyphenols that fight free radicals and support skin elasticity. Regular use can help soften fine lines and keep skin looking youthful.

Q: Can I use olive oil on my hair every day?
A: It’s best as a weekly or bi-weekly treatment. Daily use might make hair greasy, especially for finer textures. Stick to a small amount applied to the ends if you want a daily boost.

Q: Is store-bought olive oil safe for skincare?
A: Yes, as long as it’s extra virgin, cold-pressed, and of high quality. Avoid refined or blended oils, which may have lost their beneficial properties.

Q: What’s the shelf life of olive oil in DIY products?
A: When mixed with other ingredients, olive oil-based products usually last:

• Scrubs and masks: Up to 1 week if stored in a cool, dry place.
• Lip balms and lotions: Up to 3 months, depending on the recipe.

Pro Tip: Adding Vitamin E oil can extend the shelf life of your creations.

Q: Does olive oil stain clothing or bedding?
A: It can if not fully absorbed. Apply sparingly and allow the oil to sink into your skin before getting dressed or lying down.

Q: Can olive oil help with scars or stretch marks?
A: Yes! Olive oil’s high antioxidant and vitamin content helps improve skin elasticity and fade the appearance of scars over time. Massage a small amount daily into the affected area for best results. And be patient.

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References

1. González-Acedo A, Ramos-Torrecillas J, Illescas-Montes R, Costela-Ruiz VJ, Ruiz C, Melguizo-Rodríguez L, et al. The Benefits of Olive Oil for Skin Health: Study on the Effect of Hydroxytyrosol, Tyrosol, and Oleocanthal on Human Fibroblasts. Nutrients [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Jan 5]; 15(9):2077. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10181161/.

2. Badiu D, Rajendram R. Chapter 33 – Effect of olive oil on the skin. In: Preedy VR, Watson RR, editors. Olives and Olive Oil in Health and Disease Prevention (Second Edition) [Internet]. San Diego: Academic Press; 2021 [cited 2025 Jan 5]; p. 401–13. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128195284000328.

3. Negro C, Aprile A, Luvisi A, Nicolì F, Nutricati E, Vergine M, et al. Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Italian Monovarietal Extra Virgin Olive Oils. Antioxidants [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Jan 5]; 8(6):161. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/8/6/161.

4. Badiu D, Luque R, Rajendram R. Chapter 123 – Effect of Olive Oil on the Skin. In: Preedy VR, Watson RR, editors. Olives and Olive Oil in Health and Disease Prevention [Internet]. San Diego: Academic Press; 2010 [cited 2025 Jan 5]; p. 1125–32. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123744203001236.

5. Santangelo C, Vari R, Scazzocchio B, De Sanctis P, Giovannini C, D’Archivio M, et al. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Polyphenols: Which Role in the Prevention and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases? Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2018; 18(1):36–50.