Flower Oils for Hair: DIY Infusions for Softer, Healthier-Looking Hair

Flower-infused hair oils have been around for centuries. Long before anyone had a lab coat or a study to back them up.

I want to give you the real picture. Not the pretty-jar version from Pinterest, and not the wild claims some blogs make either.

Here’s the whole thing, in one line:

dried flowers + carrier oil + time = a botanical-infused hair oil

That’s it. That’s the recipe every flower on this page follows.

People make these for dry-feeling hair, rough ends, frizz, a dull look, a scalp that just feels tight.

Quick truth bomb before we go further: the hair you can see and touch is already dead. No blood supply, no living cells, no way to “absorb nutrients.” Only the follicle underneath is alive. That’s not a reason to skip hair oils. It’s exactly why I want to be straight with you about what they can and can’t do.

So let’s get that out of the way early.

These are cosmetic treatments. Not a cure for hair loss. Not a fix for a damaged follicle.

What they can do is make your hair feel and look properly cared for.

That’s genuinely worth four weeks of waiting for a jar of oil to do its thing. Let’s get into it.

What You’ll Walk Away Knowing

I don’t want you to just read this and feel vaguely inspired. I want you to close this post actually knowing how to make a flower oil that works.

Here’s what you’ll get in the next few minutes.

You’ll stop wasting money on the wrong flowers. Not every pretty petal makes a good infusion, and you’re about to find out which ones do.

You’ll dodge the mistake that ruins most homemade oils. Fresh, undried flowers are the number one reason DIY infusions go off before they’ve even had a chance to work.

You’ll pick the right carrier oil, first time. No more guessing between jojoba, almond, or olive and ending up with a greasy mess on fine hair, or a thin oil that does nothing for coarse, dry ends.

You’ll skip the trial and error. One cold-infusion method, used again and again throughout this whole collection. Learn it once, use it on any flower.

You’ll know exactly how to use the oil once it’s made. A quick smooth over dry ends, a pre-wash treatment, a scalp massage. You’ll know which suits which flower.

You’ll be able to spot an empty claim a mile off. By the end, you’ll know the difference between “traditional use,” “tested on rats,” and “proven on human hair.” Nobody’s selling you a rat study dressed up as a miracle.

Fewer wasted flowers. Fewer ruined jars of oil. A hair-care habit that actually does what you think it’s doing.

Dear reader, I’m Patri, a certified organic cosmetic formulator and health coach. A lot of what gets shared about botanical hair care online comes from people with zero formal training in formulation or plant chemistry. It shows, believe me. I write from a science-first place, so you always know what’s traditional, what’s been tested in a lab, and what’s actually been proven on real human hair.

This post contains affiliate links. If you buy through one I may earn a small commission, at no extra cost to you.

What Are Flower Oils for Hair?

“Flower oil” is a misleading name. Let’s sort out what you’re actually making.

And no, you didn’t invent this. Steeping flowers into oil goes back to Ancient Egypt, where perfumers infused blossoms like the blue water lily into fatty oils for the hair and body (nilescribes.org). Some of the earliest beauty formulas on record. You’re basically doing archaeology with a jam jar.

Flower-Infused Oil vs Essential Oil

These two get mixed up constantly. They are not the same thing.

A flower-infused oil is made by steeping dried petals in a carrier oil, so oil-soluble compounds slowly move from the plant into the oil.

An essential oil is a highly concentrated, steam-distilled or expressed extract, made up mostly of volatile aromatic compounds. A floral extract, meanwhile, is usually water or alcohol based rather than oil based.

Here’s a genuinely wild one. Real rose essential oil is one of the most petal-hungry ingredients in cosmetics. Aromatherapy sources commonly cite around 30 roses for a single drop of rose otto. Thirty. One drop. That’s why authentic rose essential oil costs what it does, and why most “rose oil” on the shelf is actually a rose-infused carrier oil. Like the one you’re about to make.

Worth knowing too: most flower petals don’t contain enough fixed oil to be pressed like olives or almonds. Rose hip oil, for instance, comes from the seed, not the petal. So when a recipe says “rose oil,” it almost always means infused, not pressed.

How an Oil Infusion Actually Works

You steep dried flowers in oil. The oil pulls out certain oil-soluble compounds over time. Genuinely useful.

But an infusion doesn’t extract everything beneficial in the plant. Water-soluble compounds mostly stay behind. More on that shortly, when we get to mucilage.

Why Use Flowers in Hair Oil?

The reasons people reach for botanical infusions are mostly about feel and appearance. Not biology.

A well-made flower oil can help with:

  • the feel of dry hair
  • slip and lubrication when detangling
  • a softer texture overall
  • less roughness along the length
  • smoother-looking ends
  • a nicer scalp massage
  • a light, natural scent, depending on the flower

Here’s the bit I really want you to hear.

“Healthier-looking” isn’t the same as “biologically repaired.” Once a strand is damaged, no oil, homemade or bought, can rebuild it. That strand simply isn’t alive anymore.

What an oil can do is coat and smooth the shaft, so light reflects off it better and it’s easier to manage. That’s not nothing. It’s just not repair.

Want more? My post on natural hair growth tips covers habits that work alongside oils like these.

The Best Flowers for DIY Hair Oils

Each flower below gets a quick write-up, then links through to a full, dedicated post as those go live.

FlowerBest known use in this collection
HibiscusSofter, less rough-feeling hair ends
RoseSofter, smoother hair
CalendulaDry-feeling scalp care
ChamomileSoftness and shine
MallowSlip and softness for dry, frizzy hair
LavenderScalp massage and botanical hair care
ElderflowerSoft, glossy-looking hair
CornflowerDry, dull-looking hair

None of these are hair-growth treatments. I’m not going to pretend otherwise, not once, anywhere on this page.

Hibiscus Flower Oil

Hibiscus is the celebrity of this list. Everyone’s heard something about it, and most of what they’ve heard is a stretch.

Traditionally, hibiscus (particularly Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) has been used in South Asian hair care for generations. Paste, infused oil, scalp, lengths, all of it. The plant contains mucilage and a range of other compounds, and yes, it’s genuinely been studied.

Small botanical wow moment: hibiscus is in the same plant family as okra, and even cotton. The Malvaceae family. That’s exactly why it feels a little slippery fresh. Same mucilage chemistry that makes okra go slimy in a pot.

It also lives a double life. The same flower fills teapots worldwide, agua de jamaica in Mexico, sorrel in the Caribbean. Dry your own for hair oil and you’re handling the same crop.

Now, the part I need to be careful with.

A 2003 study in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that a leaf extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, applied topically, increased hair length and shifted more follicles into active growth.

In rats.

Not humans. Not a home-infused oil. A concentrated leaf extract, in rats.

I haven’t found one human clinical trial confirming hibiscus grows hair on people. Not one. So when you see “hibiscus regrows hair” claims online, that’s a rat study wearing a very confident outfit.

What I can tell you, honestly, is that hibiscus-infused oil makes a lot of sense as a conditioning, softening treatment for rough ends. Exactly what tradition says it’s good for.

Read the full post: Hibiscus Flower Oil for Softer Hair Ends (coming soon to the collection)

Rose Petal Oil

Rose petal oil is the gentlest, most sensory thing on this list. Softness, smoothness, the pure pleasure of a light floral scent on clean hair.

No dramatic science story here, and honestly, that’s fine. Some botanicals earn their place through how they feel, not what they claim to fix.

Rose petals have a life outside the beauty cabinet too. Genuinely edible. Rosewater, jam, desserts across Persian, Indian, and Moroccan cooking. Dry your own petals, and you’re using the same ingredient that’s flavoured food for centuries.

Want more on rose? I’ve written about it here: Learn How Truly Wonderful Rose Can Be for Your Beauty & Health.

Read the full post: Rose Petal Oil for Softer, Smoother Hair (coming soon to the collection)

Calendula Flower Oil

Calendula has a long history as a gentle, soothing botanical. Good choice for a scalp that just feels dry.

Not a good choice for a diagnosed skin condition. That’s a dermatologist’s job, however lovely the flower.

Old nickname worth knowing: “poor man’s saffron.” For centuries, its petals coloured food gold when real saffron was too dear. Same plant, same jar, two completely different jobs.

And a myth I want to gently kill. Calendula gets a lot of credit online for treating dandruff specifically. A double-blind trial tested a calendula-and-olive-oil blend against plain olive oil for scalp dandruff, and found no meaningful difference (DUT Open Scholar, 2019). Lovely flower. Just don’t expect it to beat plain oil at actually fixing dandruff.

Traditionally it’s a mild, comforting infusion for anyone who wants something calm. Nothing intense.

Read the full post: Calendula Flower Oil for a Dry, Sensitive Scalp (coming soon to the collection)

Chamomile Flower Oil

Chamomile’s reputation for softness and shine is mostly built on tradition, not trials.

One thing worth flagging: chamomile’s sometimes linked to lightening hair colour as a rinse. That comes from repeated water-based rinsing over time, not an infused oil. Subtle at best. Don’t expect an oil to change your colour.

And a quick correction while we’re here: not all chamomile is the same plant.

German chamomileRoman chamomile
Botanical nameMatricaria chamomillaChamaemelum nobile
Growth habitTall, uprightLow, creeping
Common useTea, skin and hair productsTea, aromatherapy

Either works for a gentle infusion. Genuinely different plants though. Not two names for the same thing.

More on the plant here: Chamomile: Benefits, Properties, Medicinal & Magical Uses.

Read the full post: Chamomile Flower Oil for Softer, Shinier Hair (coming soon to the collection)

Mallow Flower Oil

Mallow’s the fun one. It finally lets me explain mucilage properly.

Mucilage is a slippery, gel-like plant compound. Part of why mallow (close cousin to marshmallow root) has such a reputation for slip.

A fact people never connect: the original marshmallow sweet really was made from marshmallow root mucilage. The supermarket version today has nothing to do with the plant. The name just stuck around, like an ex you’re still weirdly polite to.

Here’s the formulation point that actually matters. Mucilage is mostly water-soluble, not oil-soluble. So a simple oil infusion only pulls out a fraction of it.

Want the full slippery effect mallow’s known for? A water-based infusion or gel will do far more than any oil.

Doesn’t make a mallow oil pointless though. You still get a conditioning oil with a bit of that plant’s character. Just not its full punch.

Read the full post: Mallow Flower Oil for Dry, Frizzy Hair (coming soon to the collection)

Lavender Flower Oil

Lavender belongs in two very different products, and it’s worth knowing which one you’re making.

Dried lavender infused into a carrier oil gives you a mild, gently scented oil. Perfect for scalp massage. Lavender essential oil is concentrated and potent, and needs proper dilution before it goes near your skin at all.

Worth knowing before you massage it in: lavender’s calming effect seems to work mainly through smell, straight to the brain’s limbic system, not anything absorbed through the scalp. So that slow massage is doing real work on its own. Separate from whatever the oil actually delivers to your hair.

I also want to flag one genuine piece of human research, because it’s rare in this whole topic. A 1998 double-blind trial in the Archives of Dermatology tested a daily scalp massage using lavender, rosemary, thyme, and cedarwood essential oils in jojoba and grapeseed, on patients with alopecia areata, an autoimmune condition causing patchy hair loss. After seven months, 44% of the essential oil group improved, versus 15% on carrier oil alone (Hay et al., Archives of Dermatology, 1998). To be precise: essential oils, not an infusion, a four-oil blend, one specific autoimmune condition. But it’s one of the very few properly controlled human trials in this entire space, and lavender was part of what worked.

For this collection, we’re sticking with the infused version. Really about the ritual of a calm massage as much as anything else.

Read the full post: Lavender Flower Oil for a Healthy-Looking Scalp (coming soon to the collection)

Elderflower Oil

Elderflower’s the most understated flower here, so I’ll keep the claims equally understated.

Not much research on elderflower oil specifically for hair. This one sits firmly in “traditional cosmetic use,” not “proven.” A light, pleasant oil, best for anyone who likes experimenting with less common ingredients.

Quick botanical note, since it surprises people: other parts of the elder plant, raw berries, leaves, bark, can be irritating or even toxic if eaten unprocessed. The flowers used in cordials, teas, and this oil are the part traditionally considered safe. Same plant doesn’t always mean same safety profile.

Read the full post: Elderflower Oil for Soft, Glossy Hair (coming soon to the collection)

Cornflower Oil

Cornflower’s the outlier. More an interesting experiment than a proven staple.

If you like trying botanicals that aren’t on every shelf, add this one to rotation. Just go in expecting a cosmetic conditioning oil, not a research paper.

Its vivid blue comes from an anthocyanin pigment, same family that colours red cabbage and blueberries. Genuinely pH-sensitive, which is why crushed petals can shift toward pink or purple depending on what they touch. Kitchen chemistry, hiding in a hair oil recipe.

Cornflower carries real weight outside the beauty world too. In France, it’s le bleuet, the flower of remembrance for war veterans, chosen partly because it kept growing wild in the churned-up mud of First World War battlefields when almost nothing else would (Connexion France). Small, resilient flower. Moving history. Long before it ended up in a jar on your kitchen counter.

Read the full post: Cornflower Oil for Dry, Dull Hair (coming soon to the collection)

Choosing the Right Carrier Oil

The flower only does half the job. Your carrier oil shapes how the finished product feels, how long it lasts, whether it actually suits your hair.

Before you choose, here’s the wow moment of the whole post. Most carrier oils, including every single one below, don’t actually penetrate the hair shaft. A well-known cosmetic science study (Rele & Mohile, 2003) compared coconut, sunflower, and mineral oil, and found only coconut genuinely absorbs into the fibre, thanks to its small, straight-chain fatty acid structure. The rest, sunflower included, just sit on the surface. Not a flaw. Coating and smoothing is still a real job. Just not the same job as “penetrating” or “feeding,” whatever the label promises.

Jojoba oil. Technically a liquid wax ester, not a true oil. Exactly why it behaves so well. Structure close to human sebum, and it beats most oils, olive included, on shelf stability. Light feel, works on scalp and lengths. I use this one.

Sweet almond oil. Softer and richer than jojoba, good for genuinely dry hair. No jojoba-level stability, so it won’t keep as long once infused. Find it here.

Grapeseed oil. Light, fast-absorbing, suits finer hair that weighs down easily. More prone to oxidation than jojoba, so keep an eye on how it smells. Available here.

Olive oil. Rich, heavy, genuinely good for very dry or coarse hair. Too much for fine hair, where it sits on top rather than absorbing. Get it here.

Argan oil. Light, a finish most people love immediately. Solid for dry ends specifically. Costs more than the basics. Full post here too: Argan Oil for Hair: Your Ultimate Guide. Find it here.

First flower infusion? Go jojoba. Stable, suits most hair, won’t go off on you halfway through the wait.

More on fatty acid profiles and matching oil to hair type: Carrier Oils Fatty Acids in Depth and Crash Course on Carrier Oils.

How to Make a Flower-Infused Hair Oil

The universal cold-infusion method. Works for every flower on this list.

What you need

  • Fully dried flowers
  • A carrier oil of your choice
  • A clean, completely dry glass jar
  • A fine mesh strainer
  • Cheesecloth, if you have it
  • A dark glass bottle for storage
  1. Add the dried flowers. Fill your jar a third to half full. Don’t pack it tightly.
  2. Cover with oil. Enough to fully submerge the flowers, a little headspace at the top.
  3. Infuse. Seal it, cool, dark spot. Several weeks. Slow by design, not an overnight job.
  4. Strain. Fine mesh, then cheesecloth for a really clean finish. Leftover debris shortens shelf life.
  5. Bottle and store. Clean, dark glass bottle. Away from heat, moisture, light.

Two tricks most recipes skip entirely:

  • Shake the jar every couple of days. Keeps the plant material moving against fresh oil. Speeds up extraction, noticeably.
  • Try a double infusion for a stronger oil. Strain your first batch, then use that same oil to steep a fresh batch of flowers. Simple. Genuinely stronger finished oil.

Why Dried Flowers, Not Fresh

Safety point. Matters more than anything else on this page.

Fresh flowers hold water. Water in an oil infusion creates exactly the conditions microbes love. That means spoilage. Fully dried material is always the safer choice.

Want a real way to check, rather than guessing? Weigh your flowers before drying, then again once crisp. Most fresh flowers are around 80 to 90 percent water by weight, so a properly dried batch should have lost most of that. Hasn’t? Give it more time.

Properly dried, properly clean, before they go near a jar of oil. Damp or slightly mouldy has no place in a beauty product, however small the batch.

Cold Infusion vs Heat Infusion

Cold infusion is slow. Also simple, gentle, forgiving. My default for this whole collection.

Gentle heat infusion speeds things up, useful when time’s tight. Also asks more of you. Too much heat can affect delicate plant compounds, and push the carrier oil itself closer to oxidation before you’ve even bottled it.

New to this? Cold. Less that can go wrong.

How to Use Flower-Infused Oils on Hair

On dry ends. A small amount through dry, brittle, or frizzy ends, before bed or before styling.

As a pre-wash treatment. A larger amount before shampooing, leave it a while, wash as normal.

For scalp massage. Only with flowers/oils meant for scalp use. Small amount, gentle fingertips, not nails.

Before styling. A tiny amount cuts friction before heat tools. But let me be direct: oil doesn’t automatically protect hair from heat damage. Don’t treat a homemade oil as a heat protectant unless it’s actually been tested for that job. Most haven’t.

A rough, genuinely useful guide to “how much is too much”:

Hair lengthStarting amount
Short/bobA few drops
Shoulder-lengthRoughly a small coin’s worth
Mid-back or longerA little more than a teaspoon

Start smaller than you think. You can always add more. A greasy first impression puts people off a genuinely good oil for good.

How Often Should You Use a Flower Hair Oil?

No single schedule fits everyone. Here’s a real answer instead of a made-up number.

  • Fine or oily hair does better with less. Oil builds up fast at the roots.
  • Dry or coarse hair generally tolerates more.
  • Very dry ends can often take a small amount several times a week, no issue.

Amount matters as much as frequency. Small and often beats heavy and rare.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

  • Using fresh flowers instead of dried
  • Using damp or improperly dried plant material
  • Letting any water into the jar
  • Overfilling the jar with flowers
  • Leaving flowers exposed above the oil line
  • Storing the infusion in direct sunlight
  • Using too much heat, too fast
  • Skipping a thorough strain
  • Applying too much oil at once
  • Using heavy oils like olive on fine hair
  • Confusing an infused oil with an essential oil
  • Making hair-growth claims the flower hasn’t earned

How Long Do Homemade Flower Oils Last?

No guaranteed shelf life here. Depends: how dry your flowers were, which oil, how clean your process, how well you strained, how you’re storing it.

A trick actual formulators use, that rarely makes it into home recipes: add a little vitamin E oil to your finished, strained infusion. A genuine antioxidant. Meaningfully slows the oxidation that turns oils rancid. Won’t make it last forever. Just a low-effort way to protect the work you’ve already put in.

Signs to bin it: rancid or “off” smell, a colour change you can’t explain, visible contamination, cloudiness that wasn’t there before. In doubt? Don’t use it.

Are Flower Oils Good for Hair Growth?

Let’s answer this clearly. It’s where most of the internet gets it wrong.

An infused flower oil shouldn’t be called a hair-growth treatment. Full stop.

There’s a real difference between traditional use, animal research, lab research on isolated compounds, and actual human trials. That difference matters enormously.

Hibiscus is the best example. Genuine, well-cited animal study, real effects, on rats. I won’t dismiss the science. But it’s not proof it works on a human scalp, and as far as I can find, that human evidence just doesn’t exist. Not for hibiscus. Not for anything on this list.

The lavender-blend alopecia areata trial is the closest thing to an exception, and even that comes with real caveats: essential oils, not infusions, a four-oil blend, one specific autoimmune condition. “Some human evidence exists somewhere for some plant” is very different from “this flower will grow your hair.”

No human evidence, I’ll say so. I won’t let tradition quietly stand in for proof.

Flower Oils vs Essential Oils for Hair

Flower-infused oilEssential oil
Made by infusing plant material into a carrier oilA highly concentrated, distilled or expressed extract
Much less concentratedVery concentrated
Usually used directlyUsually needs dilution before use
Carries compounds pulled into the carrier oilCarries volatile aromatic compounds
Generally simpler for beginnersNeeds more care and precision

Not interchangeable. Don’t swap one for the other without adjusting for strength.

How to Choose a Flower for Your Hair Type

Dry hair: rose, hibiscus, or mallow.

Dry or rough ends: hibiscus or rose.

Fine hair: lighter carrier oils, smaller amounts, less often, whichever flower you pick.

Dry-feeling scalp: calendula or lavender.

Dull-looking hair: chamomile or elderflower.

Starting points, not fixed rules. Hair “types” aren’t strict science. How your own hair responds is the only test that counts.

Can You Combine Different Flowers?

Yes. But more isn’t automatically better.

Start simple. One flower, one carrier oil, for your first few batches. That way you can actually tell what’s working.

Once you’ve got a feel for it, try hibiscus and rose, calendula and chamomile, or rose and lavender. Just don’t assume more flowers in one jar means a stronger product. Usually it just means a more confused one.

Safety Considerations

  • Patch test any new infused oil before full use
  • Skip any flower you’re allergic to
  • Never use plant material showing mould or contamination
  • Keep water completely out of the process
  • Store finished oils away from heat and light
  • Keep oils away from your eyes
  • Stop immediately if you notice irritation

Scalp skin reacts more than hair does. Be a touch more cautious with anything going directly on the scalp, especially the first few times.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I use fresh flowers to make hair oil?
Best not to. Fresh flowers carry water, and water raises the risk of spoilage.

How long should flowers be infused in oil?
A cold infusion needs several weeks. Slow by design.

What is the best carrier oil for flower infusions?
Jojoba’s a strong default, thanks to its stability and light feel. Almond, olive, grapeseed, argan all have their place too.

Can I use essential oils instead of flowers?
Not directly. Far more concentrated, need proper dilution, not a straightforward swap.

Will flower-infused oil make my hair grow faster?
No human evidence, for any flower here. Conditioning treatments, not growth treatments.

Can I use flower oils on my scalp?
Some suit it better, calendula and lavender especially. Patch test first.

How often should I use flower-infused oil?
Depends on your hair. Fine or oily needs less, dry or coarse can take more.

Can I mix several flowers together?
Once you know how one flower and one oil behaves on your hair, yes.

How long does homemade flower oil last?
No fixed number. Trust your senses. Off smell or look? Bin it.

Can I use flower oil on coloured hair?
Generally yes. Strand test first, as with any new product.

Can I use these oils on curly hair?
Yes. Curly hair often loves the extra slip, mallow and rose especially.

Explore the Flower-Infused Hair Oil Collection

🌺 Hibiscus Flower Oil for Softer Hair Ends
🌹 Rose Petal Oil for Softer, Smoother Hair
🌼 Calendula Flower Oil for a Dry, Sensitive Scalp
🌼 Chamomile Flower Oil for Softer, Shinier Hair
🌸 Mallow Flower Oil for Dry, Frizzy Hair
💜 Lavender Flower Oil for a Healthy-Looking Scalp
🌿 Elderflower Oil for Soft, Glossy Hair
🔵 Cornflower Oil for Dry, Dull Hair

The Bottom Line

Flower-infused oils are a simple, low-cost way to bring real botanical ingredients into your hair care. Just keep your expectations grounded.

No miracle growth. No repairing hair that’s already damaged. I’d rather tell you that now than have you disappointed in six weeks, staring at a jar wondering where it all went wrong. (Like my rose oil. Four months. Never again.)

What they can do is give you a thoughtfully made oil that leaves hair feeling softer, smoother, easier to manage. Depending on the flower, the carrier oil, and your own hair. Genuinely worth having, even without the exaggerated claims.

Have a look through the individual flower posts as they go live, and find the one that actually suits what your hair needs right now.

References

  1. Roy, R.K., Thakur, M., Dixit, V.K. (2007). Effect of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. on hair growth (original 2003 findings published in Journal of Ethnopharmacology, evaluating hair length and follicle phase changes in rats).
  2. Rele, A.S., Mohile, R.B. (2003). Effect of mineral oil, sunflower oil, and coconut oil on prevention of hair damage. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 54(2), 175–192.
  3. Tsuchimoto, S., Sakai, H., Fukui, K. (2022). Oxidative Stability and Antioxidant Activity of Crude Jojoba Oil. BPB Reports, 5(6), 121–124.
  4. Hay, I.C., Jamieson, M., Ormerod, A.D. (1998). Randomized trial of aromatherapy. Successful treatment for alopecia areata. Archives of Dermatology, 134(11), 1349–1352.
  5. Healthline. “Hibiscus for Hair: Does It Work?” — overview of traditional use and the current state of human research.

Love, Patri xx

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